Forty-two hospital patients admitted for acute and chronic alcoholism, and various psychoses and neuroses were treated with chlordiazepoxide. Animal tests were conducted in the Boston Zoo and the San Diego Zoo. However, it lacks the hypnotic effects of barbiturates. Chlordiazepoxide is similar to phenobarbital in its anticonvulsant properties.
Fear and aggression were eliminated in much smaller doses than those necessary to produce hypnosis. It was described as "chemically and clinically different from any of the tranquilizers, psychic energizers or other psychotherapeutic drugs now available." During studies, chlordiazepoxide induced muscle relaxation and a quieting effect on laboratory animals like mice, rats, cats, and dogs. In 1959 it was used by over 2,000 physicians and more than 20,000 patients. It was marketed under the trade name Librium, derived from the final syllables of equilibrium. The original chemical name of chlordiazepoxide was methaminodiazepoxide but it was changed to chlordiazepoxide. Following chlordiazepoxide in 1963 diazepam hit the market under the brand name Valium, followed by many further benzodiazepine compounds which were introduced over the subsequent years and decades. Three years later chlordiazepoxide was marketed as a therapeutic benzodiazepine medication under the brand name Librium. Tests revealed that the compound had hypnotic, anxiolytic and muscle relaxant effects. Although initially discouraged by his employer, Sternbach conducted further research that revealed the compound was a very effective tranquilizer. Initially, he discontinued his work on the compound Ro-5-0690, but he "rediscovered" it in 1957 when an assistant was cleaning up the laboratory. Chlordiazepoxide was synthesised from work on a chemical dye, quinazolone-3-oxides. The first benzodiazepine, chlordiazepoxide (Librium) was discovered serendipitously in 1954 by the Austrian scientist Leo Sternbach (1908–2005), working for the pharmaceutical company Hoffmann–La Roche. Dependence varies with the benzodiazepine used and with the user. The use of benzodiazepines should therefore commence only after medical consultation and benzodiazepines should be prescribed the smallest dosage possible to provide an acceptable level of symptom relief. The long-term use of benzodiazapines can cause physical dependence. Benzodiazepines are also used to treat the panic that can be caused by hallucinogen intoxication. Recreational stimulant users often use benzodiazepines as a means of "coming down" (see: Drug abuse). Another use is to counteract anxiety-related symptoms upon initial use of SSRIs and other antidepressants, or as an adjunctive treatment. They can also be used before certain medical procedures such as endoscopies or dental work where tension and anxiety are present, and prior to some unpleasant medical procedures in order to induce sedation and amnesia for the procedure. Benzodiazepines are useful in treating anxiety, insomnia, agitation, seizures, and muscle spasms, as well as alcohol withdrawal. The benzodiazepines (pronounced, often abbreviated to "benzos") are a class of psychoactive drugs with varying hypnotic, sedative, anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, muscle relaxant and amnesic properties, which are mediated by slowing down the central nervous system. 7.2 The Committee on the Review of Medicines.5.4 Use as a premedication before procedures.Risk calculators and risk factors for BenzodiazepineĮditor-In-Chief: C. US National Guidelines Clearinghouse on Benzodiazepineĭirections to Hospitals Treating Benzodiazepine Ongoing Trials on Benzodiazepine at Clinical Ĭlinical Trials on Benzodiazepine at Google Articles on Benzodiazepine in N Eng J Med, Lancet, BMJ
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